Publications

The SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) is the major target for neutralising antibodies. However, subdomains like RBD may constrain the availability of CD4 T follicular helper (TFH) cells and impact immunogenicity. We engineered a chimeric trimeric RBD (CTR) glycoprotein, replacing the RBD of HKU-1 spike with SARS-CoV-2 RBD (ancestral WT/Omicron BA.2). This maintains trimerised RBD, while providing CD4 help via the HKU-1 scaffold. In C57BL/6 mice, CTR-BA.2 elicited high anti-BA.2-RBD IgG and neutralising titres, matching native spike responses. Germinal centre B cells were predominantly WT+/BA.2+ cross-reactive, and TFH predominantly recognised HKU-1 epitopes, demonstrating scaffold-directed help. In macaques, CTR-WT elicited comparable anti-RBD IgG, anti-spike IgG and neutralising responses to native spike, with elevated RBD-specific GC B cells in draining lymph nodes. Macaque TFH responses targeted RBD, NTD/S2 or HKU-1 peptides. This chimeric design overcomes poor RBD immunogenicity by engaging CD4 TFH, maintaining neutralising responses that is non-inferior to native spike.